What is kratom?
Kratom, derived from the leaves of the tropical tree Mitragyna speciosa, is a botanical native to Southeast Asia. The tree is related to the coffee plant, and for centuries, indigenous people have chewed the leaves or brewed them into a tea for its medicinal and psychoactive properties. Its effects are primarily driven by two key psychoactive alkaloids, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. These alkaloids interact with the body's opioid receptors, although in a unique way that differs from traditional opioids. In Western countries, kratom products have surged in popularity and are readily available online and in retail shops, often without quality control or regulation.
The dual nature of kratom: Stimulant and sedative
One of the most notable characteristics of kratom is its dose-dependent effect, which is a major factor in its recreational use. A user's experience can vary drastically depending on how much of the substance they consume.
- Low doses (1-5 grams): At lower doses, kratom acts as a stimulant. Users report feeling increased energy, heightened alertness, enhanced sociability, and talkativeness, effects which typically begin within 10 minutes and can last up to 90 minutes.
- High doses (5-15 grams): When consumed in larger quantities, the substance produces opioid-like effects, including pain relief, sedation, and a sense of euphoria. These sedative effects generally follow the initial stimulant phase and can last for several hours.
This variability is why some individuals may use kratom to boost productivity and focus, while others seek its more calming and pain-relieving effects. This dual nature contributes to its appeal as a recreational substance, offering a wide range of experiences depending on the dose taken.
Evidence for kratom as a recreational drug
Several factors strongly indicate that kratom is considered a recreational drug by many. It is widely marketed for its psychoactive effects and is sold through channels that cater to non-medical use. In the United States, its abuse has increased markedly in recent years, drawing concern from public health officials.
- Market availability: Kratom products, including powders, capsules, and extracts, are widely available in smoke shops, convenience stores, and online without a prescription. This accessibility makes it a popular choice for recreational use.
- Psychoactive effects: The euphoric and sedating effects at high doses, and the stimulant effects at low doses, are the primary reasons for its recreational consumption.
- Legal status and official classification: While not federally scheduled in the US, the DEA has listed kratom as a "Drug and Chemical of Concern" due to its potential for abuse. Many states and countries have banned or heavily regulated it.
Comparison: Kratom vs. Other Substances
To better understand kratom's profile, it's useful to compare it with other substances, including regulated drugs and other common items.
| Feature | Kratom | Traditional Opioids (e.g., Morphine) | Caffeine | Ethanol (Alcohol) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mechanism | Partial opioid agonist (mitragynine) and full agonist (7-OH-MG) at μ-opioid receptors; also acts on adrenergic and serotonergic systems | Strong agonist at μ-opioid receptors | Adenosine receptor antagonist | Depresses the central nervous system by enhancing GABA effects and inhibiting NMDA receptors |
| Dose-Dependent Effects | Low dose: Stimulant. High dose: Sedative and euphoric | Primarily sedative and euphoric, with increasing respiratory depression at higher doses | Primarily stimulant | Sedative and euphoric, with increasing CNS depression at higher doses |
| Dependence/Addiction | Yes, though milder and more manageable for many users compared to strong opioids | High potential for severe physical dependence and addiction | Yes, though generally mild withdrawal and dependence | High potential for physical and psychological dependence |
| Regulatory Status (USA) | Not federally scheduled, but a "Drug of Concern" with varying state and local bans and regulations | Schedule II drug (high potential for abuse, but recognized medical use) | Unregulated as a supplement, regulated as a food additive | Heavily regulated (age, sale, consumption) |
| Risks | Liver toxicity, seizures, psychosis, drug interactions, inconsistent product quality | Overdose (respiratory depression), dependence, addiction | Jitters, anxiety, heart palpitations, insomnia | Liver damage, overdose, dependence, addiction |
Addiction potential and withdrawal symptoms
While kratom is often touted as a "safer" alternative to traditional opioids, it has a clear potential for addiction and dependence. Long-term, regular use can lead to physiological dependence, and cessation can trigger withdrawal symptoms similar to those of opioids. Research indicates that the risk of dependence is highest for individuals who consume high doses frequently.
Common withdrawal symptoms include:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Insomnia
- Irritability and agitation
- Anxiety and restlessness
- Achy muscles and bones
- Runny nose
In some cases, individuals may need medication-assisted treatment, similar to that for opioid addiction, to manage withdrawal and cravings.
Significant health and safety risks
Kratom's status as a legal "herbal supplement" has contributed to a public misconception of its safety, yet its use is associated with serious health consequences. The lack of regulation by the FDA means products can be adulterated or mislabeled, posing additional risks.
- Hepatotoxicity: Cases of liver injury have been reported with kratom use.
- Neurological effects: Seizures, tremors, and psychosis have been linked to kratom consumption, particularly with high-dose or chronic use.
- Drug interactions: Kratom can inhibit certain cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver, which are responsible for metabolizing many medications. This can lead to dangerous drug interactions, including one reported fatality involving kratom and the antipsychotic quetiapine.
- Overdose: Although the risk is lower than with classical opioids, overdose is possible, especially when products contain higher concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine or are adulterated with other substances.
- Contamination: Contamination with heavy metals and pathogens like Salmonella has been reported in kratom products.
The complex regulatory landscape
Kratom's legal and regulatory status is highly complex and in flux. There is no consistent federal regulation in the U.S., which creates a patchwork of laws across states and localities.
Key regulatory milestones:
- In 2016, the DEA intended to classify mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine as Schedule I drugs but withdrew the notice after public and congressional opposition.
- The FDA does not approve kratom for any medical use and warns against its consumption due to safety concerns.
- In July 2025, the FDA recommended that concentrated 7-hydroxymitragynine be scheduled as a Schedule I substance, though this would not affect natural kratom leaf.
- Several US states and municipalities have banned kratom, while others have adopted the Kratom Consumer Protection Act, which regulates sales, age limits, and labeling.
Conclusion: A substance with recreational appeal and serious risks
Yes, kratom is considered a recreational drug, although this isn't its only use. Its ability to produce stimulant and euphoric, opioid-like effects means many users consume it for non-medical, recreational purposes. While some individuals use it for self-medication for conditions like pain or opioid withdrawal, it is crucial to recognize that the substance carries significant risks. Its potential for dependence, documented health risks like liver toxicity and seizures, and the dangers associated with a largely unregulated market firmly place it within the category of substances with significant abuse potential and public health concern. As regulatory actions evolve, particularly regarding concentrated alkaloids, understanding the full scope of kratom's effects remains vital.
Visit the DEA's website for more information on drugs of concern.
