Tag: Preclinical studies

The median cost of bringing a new drug to market can be around $985 million, with an average cost of $1.3 billion [1.4.3]. The lengthy and expensive process that answers the question, **what is it called when a drug is being tested,** is known as a **clinical trial** [1.2.2].

Cotinine, the primary metabolite of nicotine, can accumulate in the body to levels much higher and for longer durations than nicotine itself. This raises a key question for researchers and health professionals: Does cotinine have psychoactive effects, or is it merely an inert byproduct of nicotine metabolism?

Despite being widely known as an antiparasitic drug, a 2023 animal study found that ivermectin exhibited significant antiarthritic and anti-inflammatory properties in rats with rheumatoid arthritis. This discovery has sparked questions about whether **ivermectin help arthritis** in humans, though there is currently a critical lack of clinical evidence supporting its use for this purpose.

According to regulatory guidelines, many subchronic toxicity studies in rodents typically last for 90 days. Understanding what is a subchronic toxicity and its purpose is fundamental for evaluating the potential health risks associated with repeated, moderate-term exposure to a substance, such as a new drug candidate or chemical.