Alcohol: The Most Consumed Psychoactive Substance
Considering all psychoactive substances, alcohol is the most consumed in Germany. The ESA 2021 study found that about 36.1 million people aged 18–64 had consumed alcohol in the last 30 days. Despite a slight decline in beer and wine consumption, Germany's alcohol intake remains high compared to other European countries, partly due to cultural acceptance and affordability. This widespread use contributes to significant public health problems, including hazardous drinking patterns.
The Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption
Alcohol consumption patterns vary across demographics, with hazardous drinking often linked to younger, male, and more affluent individuals. Interestingly, one study found a negative association between depression and higher alcohol consumption scores. Younger generations are showing increased health consciousness and a preference for non-alcoholic options, which may influence future trends.
Non-Opioid Analgesics: Germany's Go-To for Self-Medication
Among medications, non-opioid analgesics (NOA), like paracetamol, ibuprofen, and aspirin, are the most used for self-medication. The ESA 2021 indicated that 47.4% of the surveyed population (18–64 years), or 24.2 million people, used these drugs in a 30-day period. Their over-the-counter availability makes them accessible for pain relief. However, their perceived safety can lead to misuse and health issues. A 2022 study estimated that 6.4% of Germans aged 18–64 had misused NOA in the past year.
Common OTC Analgesics
The most commonly used NOAs differ based on context. While Metamizole is frequently used in hospice settings (as a prescription medication), Paracetamol and Ibuprofen are leading choices in the general OTC market.
Cannabis: The Most Common Illegal Drug
For illicit drugs, cannabis is the most frequently used in Germany. The ESA 2021 found that 8.8% of adults (4.5 million people) had used cannabis in the previous year. Use is highest among young adults. The ongoing move towards legalization is a notable factor that could affect usage. While often used occasionally, some users develop dependency, leading to increased demand for addiction services. Cannabis use is particularly high in nightlife settings.
Trends in Illicit Drug Use
While cannabis is the most common, other illegal drugs like cocaine, MDMA, and amphetamines are also used, though less frequently. There have been reports of increased use and trafficking of cocaine and amphetamines in certain areas, but cannabis remains the most used illicit substance.
Factors Influencing Substance Use in Germany
Substance use in Germany is influenced by several factors:
- Legal Status: The legality and ease of access to substances like alcohol and OTC painkillers contribute to their high consumption. Changes in cannabis laws are expected to impact its use.
- Socioeconomic Status: Links exist between socioeconomic factors and substance use. Unemployment and poverty have been associated with NOA misuse, while higher income can correlate with increased alcohol consumption scores.
- Health and Psychological Factors: Conditions such as depression, anxiety, and chronic pain are often linked to higher use of substances, including alcohol and NOAs.
- Age and Gender: Use patterns vary significantly by age and gender, with young males showing higher rates of hazardous drinking and young adults having the highest cannabis use.
Germany's Most Used Substances: A Comparative Overview
| Substance | Category | 30-Day Prevalence (ESA 2021) | Population | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol | Legal / Psychoactive | 70.5% | Adults (18-64) | Most frequently used psychoactive substance overall. |
| Non-opioid analgesics | Legal / Medication | 47.4% | Adults (18-64) | Most common medication for self-medication (OTC). |
| Cannabis | Illegal / Psychoactive | N/A | Adults (18-64) | 8.8% 12-month prevalence. Most common illegal drug. |
| Tobacco | Legal / Psychoactive | 22.7% | Adults (18-64) | Includes conventional cigarettes. |
Conclusion
Identifying what is the most used drug in Germany? depends on the category of substance. Alcohol is the most consumed psychoactive substance overall, while non-opioid analgesics are the most frequently used medications for self-medication. Cannabis is the leading illegal drug. These differing rates highlight the complex nature of drug use, influenced by legality, social factors, economic status, and health. Public health efforts need to address these distinct categories of substance use with tailored strategies.
For further information on addiction in Germany, the Deutsche Hauptstelle für Suchtfragen (DHS) is a key resource.
