What is Propolis?
Propolis, often called "bee glue," is a resinous substance that honeybees produce by mixing their saliva and beeswax with exudates gathered from tree buds, sap flows, or other botanical sources [1.3.3, 1.8.3]. Bees use it to seal unwanted gaps in the hive, protecting it from intruders and microbes [1.8.3]. For centuries, humans have used propolis in folk medicine for its purported antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties [1.3.3]. It is now widely available in various forms, including tinctures, capsules, sprays, ointments, and lozenges [1.2.5]. While many people use it without issue, it's not safe for everyone.
The Primary Concern: Allergic Reactions
The most common and significant risk associated with propolis is an allergic reaction [1.4.4]. These reactions can range from mild skin irritation to severe, life-threatening events [1.3.2, 1.3.4]. Because propolis is a bee byproduct, individuals with known allergies to bees, honey, royal jelly, or pollen are at a much higher risk [1.2.1, 1.2.3]. Symptoms of an allergic reaction can include:
- Skin rashes, redness, itching, or eczema [1.4.4, 1.3.2]
- Mouth irritation, ulcers, or swelling (stomatitis) from oral products [1.2.2, 1.4.2]
- Worsening of asthma symptoms [1.2.3, 1.2.4]
- In severe cases, anaphylaxis, a life-threatening reaction [1.3.2]
Due to the increasing use of propolis in cosmetics and supplements, there has been a documented rise in propolis-related contact allergies [1.3.3]. One study noted that in children with eczema who were tested for various allergens, 16.5% showed a hypersensitivity to propolis [1.3.2].
Who Should Not Use Propolis? A Detailed Breakdown
Certain groups need to exercise extreme caution or avoid propolis altogether due to specific health conditions or a lack of safety data.
Individuals with Bee, Honey, or Pollen Allergies
This is the most critical contraindication. If you have a known allergy to any bee products (honey, royal jelly) or specific plants like conifers, poplars, or chrysanthemums, you should not use propolis [1.2.5, 1.3.3]. The risk of a cross-reaction is high and can be severe [1.3.2]. People with hay fever (allergic rhinitis) are also at an increased risk [1.2.3].
People with Asthma
While some studies have explored propolis for its potential benefits in asthma, the consensus from a safety perspective is one of caution [1.8.3]. Experts believe that certain chemicals in propolis can worsen asthma, and an allergic reaction to propolis can directly trigger an asthma attack [1.2.3, 1.2.4]. Therefore, individuals with asthma are generally advised to avoid propolis or use it only under strict medical supervision [1.2.5].
Individuals with Bleeding Disorders
Propolis contains a chemical that may slow blood clotting [1.2.2]. This can increase the risk of bleeding and bruising in people with existing bleeding disorders [1.7.3, 1.7.4]. For this same reason, it can interfere with medications that have similar effects.
Those Undergoing Surgery
Because of its effect on blood clotting, it is recommended to stop taking propolis at least two weeks before any scheduled surgery [1.2.2, 1.7.3]. Continuing to use it could increase the risk of excessive bleeding during and after the procedure [1.4.3].
Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women
There is insufficient reliable information to confirm the safety of propolis during pregnancy [1.6.1, 1.6.3]. While some animal studies have been conducted, the potential effects on fetal development are not well understood, and high doses in mice have shown negative impacts [1.6.6]. Therefore, the standard medical advice is to avoid use during pregnancy to be on the safe side [1.6.2]. For breastfeeding, while one study noted that a specific dose (300 mg daily for up to 10 months) was used safely, higher doses should be avoided due to the lack of comprehensive safety data [1.2.2].
People Taking Certain Medications
Propolis can interact with several types of medications:
- Anticoagulants/Antiplatelet Drugs: Propolis can increase the effect of blood thinners like warfarin (Coumadin), aspirin, and clopidogrel (Plavix), raising the risk of bleeding and bruising [1.2.1, 1.9.2]. It may also decrease the effects of warfarin, increasing clotting risk, so interactions are complex and require medical guidance [1.9.1].
- Medications Metabolized by the Liver (Cytochrome P450 Substrates): Propolis might affect how quickly the liver breaks down certain drugs [1.9.1]. This could alter the effects and side effects of many common medications, including some statins, antidepressants, and beta-blockers [1.2.2, 1.9.5].
Risk Factor Comparison Table
| Population Group | Primary Risk | Recommended Action |
|---|---|---|
| Bee/Pollen Allergy Sufferers | Severe allergic reaction, including anaphylaxis [1.3.2] | Strict avoidance [1.2.1] |
| Asthma Patients | Worsening of symptoms or triggering an asthma attack [1.2.3, 1.2.4] | Avoid or consult a doctor before use [1.2.5] |
| Individuals with Bleeding Disorders | Increased risk of bleeding and bruising [1.7.1] | Avoid use [1.7.2] |
| Pre-Surgical Patients | Increased bleeding risk during and after surgery [1.4.3] | Discontinue use at least 2 weeks before surgery [1.7.3] |
| Pregnant Women | Insufficient safety data, unknown risk to fetus [1.6.1, 1.6.2] | Avoid use [1.6.3] |
| People on Blood Thinners | Potentiated effect, leading to increased bleeding risk [1.9.2] | Avoid or consult a doctor due to interaction risk [1.9.5] |
Conclusion: Prioritizing Safety with Natural Supplements
While propolis is a natural product with a long history of use and potential benefits, "natural" does not always mean safe for everyone. The primary risks are associated with allergic reactions, which are becoming more common [1.5.1]. Specific populations, particularly those with bee-related allergies, asthma, and bleeding disorders, should avoid propolis. Furthermore, its potential to interact with common medications like blood thinners and those metabolized by the liver necessitates caution [1.9.1, 1.9.5]. Due to a lack of robust safety data, pregnant and breastfeeding women are also advised to abstain [1.6.1]. Always consult with a healthcare provider before adding any new supplement, including propolis, to your regimen to ensure it is appropriate for your individual health profile.
Authoritative Link: For more detailed information on propolis, its uses, and contraindications, consult the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center's guide on the topic: https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/propolis [1.3.3]
