The world of topical medications extends far beyond the common 'ointment.' From classic terms like 'unguent' to modern forms like 'gels' and 'foams,' each name represents a different pharmaceutical vehicle with specific properties. These differences in formulation, particularly the ratio of oil to water, dictate the texture, absorption, and ultimately, the therapeutic effect on the skin. This guide delves into the various names and forms, helping you understand their specific applications in medications and pharmacology.
Common Synonyms and Historical Terms
While 'ointment' is the standard term in modern pharmacy, several other names, some of which are more historical or describe specific types, are still in use today.
- Salve: A salve is a very common synonym for an ointment, particularly one with soothing or healing properties. The term often evokes a more natural or herbal preparation, but pharmacologically, it functions much like a traditional ointment with a high oil content.
- Unguent: This is a more formal or antiquated term for an ointment. Derived from the Latin unguentum, it describes a soft, semi-solid substance for application to the skin.
- Balm: While related to salves and ointments, a balm typically has a thicker, waxier consistency due to a higher wax content. This makes it more effective at creating a protective, occlusive barrier on the skin, ideal for chapped lips or skin.
- Embrocation: An embrocation is a topical preparation, often with a liniment-like character, that is rubbed into the skin to relieve muscle soreness or pain.
- Cerates: These are pharmaceutical preparations with a higher melting point than most ointments, containing waxes and fats, which give them a stiff, plaster-like consistency.
Creams, Lotions, and Gels: Understanding the Differences
Beyond simple synonyms, many semi-solid forms exist with distinct pharmacological differences. The key distinction lies in their physical composition, particularly the ratio of oil to water.
Creams
Creams are semi-solid emulsions that contain a balanced mixture of oil and water, typically around a 50/50 ratio.
- Composition: A stable mixture of fat and water stabilized by an emulsifying agent.
- Appearance: Opaque, white, and less greasy than ointments.
- Absorption: Creams are readily absorbed by the skin, making them cosmetically more appealing.
- Use Case: Suitable for moist or weeping skin conditions and for application to large areas of the body.
Lotions
Lotions are liquid preparations with a high water content, making them thinner and less viscous than creams.
- Composition: Essentially a runnier, more water-based emulsion.
- Appearance: Can be clear or opaque, and is not greasy.
- Application: Ideal for covering large, hairy, or hard-to-reach areas.
- Effect: Provides a cooling and drying effect as the water component evaporates.
Gels
Gels are semi-solid systems consisting of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules interpenetrated by a liquid.
- Composition: A water-based or alcohol-based suspension thickened with a gelling agent, containing no fat.
- Appearance: Clear or translucent and non-greasy.
- Absorption: Dries quickly and can feel cool on the skin.
- Use Case: Good for oily skin or for delivering medication that requires rapid absorption.
Other Important Topical Forms
Several other forms serve specific purposes in dermatology and medication delivery:
- Pastes: These are essentially thick ointments containing a high percentage of powdered solids, such as zinc oxide. They are very stiff and absorbent, creating a thick, protective barrier that doesn't melt or run off the skin.
- Foams: These are emulsions with air bubbles incorporated, creating a light, airy texture. They are useful for applying to hairy areas like the scalp.
- Transdermal Patches: Unlike other topical forms, these are designed to deliver medication systemically through the skin over a prolonged period, rather than acting locally.
- Suspensions: A preparation containing solid particles dispersed throughout a liquid medium. They need to be shaken before use to ensure even distribution of the active ingredient.
Comparison of Common Topical Formulations
| Feature | Ointment | Cream | Lotion | Gel | Paste |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oil/Water Ratio | High oil (80% oil) | Balanced (~50/50) | High water | Water-based, no oil | High oil with powder |
| Consistency | Thick, greasy, occlusive | Smooth, opaque | Thin, liquid | Translucent, non-greasy | Very thick, stiff |
| Best For | Very dry, cracked skin; occlusive barrier | Moist, weeping conditions; large areas | Large, hairy areas; cooling effect | Oily skin; rapid absorption | Protection; absorbent properties |
| Absorption | Very slow, prolonged effect | Readily absorbed | Evaporates quickly | Fast absorption | Very slow, stays on surface |
| Feel | Greasy, heavy | Non-greasy to lightly greasy | Non-greasy, watery | Non-greasy, often cooling | Heavy, stiff |
Conclusion
In the realm of medications and pharmacology, understanding the specific terminology for topical preparations is vital for proper application and optimal therapeutic outcomes. Knowing what are the other names of ointment clarifies that a wide range of semi-solid and liquid forms exist, each with a unique composition that determines its physical properties and intended use. The key takeaway is to always follow the prescribing information or pharmacist's instructions to ensure you are using the right medication vehicle for your specific skin condition, whether it's an occlusive ointment for severe dryness or a light gel for oily skin. Choosing correctly ensures better patient compliance and more effective treatment.
For more detailed information on topical therapies, consult the principles of dermatologic therapy from a reliable source like the Merck Manuals, available online.
