What is 'Greening Out'?
Greening out, also known as THC toxicity or an acute cannabis overdose, is a temporary, non-fatal adverse reaction to consuming an excessive amount of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive compound in cannabis. This phenomenon has become more common with the rise of high-potency products like edibles, concentrates, and specific strains. The term stems from the physical symptoms, which can include a pale complexion and nausea that can cause a person to feel 'green'. While the experience is unpleasant and can be frightening, the body is typically able to metabolize the excess THC over time, with symptoms resolving within a few hours. However, understanding the signs and proper management is important for a safe outcome.
The Symptoms of Greening Out
Greening out presents a wide range of physical and psychological symptoms that can be overwhelming for the individual. The specific symptoms and their intensity can vary based on the person's tolerance, the amount consumed, and the method of consumption.
Physical Symptoms
- Nausea and Vomiting: A very common reaction to high THC intake, where the body attempts to purge the excess substance. This can be intense and persistent.
- Dizziness and Light-headedness: A rapid drop in blood pressure can cause a person to feel unsteady or faint.
- Sweating and Chills: The body may experience fluctuations in temperature, leading to excessive sweating followed by chills.
- Shaking or Tremors: Involuntary muscle shakes, particularly in the legs, are often reported.
- Increased Heart Rate: THC can temporarily increase heart rate, which can feel alarming and contribute to panic.
- Paleness: The term 'whiteying' is sometimes used to describe the pallor of the skin that can occur during a green-out.
- Loss of Coordination: Impaired motor function and balance are common, increasing the risk of accidents.
Psychological Symptoms
- Extreme Anxiety and Panic: Overstimulation of the brain's cannabinoid receptors can trigger intense feelings of anxiety or a full-blown panic attack, characterized by a racing heart, fear, and difficulty breathing.
- Paranoia: An intense and irrational fear that one is being watched, judged, or threatened.
- Confusion and Disorientation: Difficulty with coherent thinking, memory, and spatial awareness can occur.
- Depersonalization: Some individuals report feeling detached from their own body or the world around them, as if they are observing themselves from outside.
- Mild Hallucinations: Although less common, some individuals may experience distorted perceptions of reality, hearing or seeing things that aren't there.
Causes of Cannabis Overconsumption
Several factors can increase the likelihood of greening out, especially for inexperienced users or those trying a new product.
High-Potency Products
The increased availability of high-THC products like dabs, waxes, and edibles has made it easier to consume overwhelming amounts of THC. Edibles are particularly notorious for greening out because of their delayed onset. The effects can take 30 minutes to 2 hours to kick in, leading users to consume more than they intended while waiting.
Low Tolerance
New or infrequent cannabis users have a low tolerance to THC and are therefore more susceptible to overconsumption. Their bodies and endocannabinoid systems are not accustomed to processing high levels of the compound.
Ingestion Method
Different consumption methods affect the body at different rates. Smoking or vaping delivers THC to the brain almost instantly, making it easier to gauge the effects and stop if needed. Edibles, however, have a slower, delayed onset and a longer-lasting effect, making dosing more challenging and increasing the risk of greening out.
Mixing with Other Substances
Combining cannabis with alcohol or other drugs can significantly heighten the effects of THC and increase the risk of an adverse reaction. Alcohol, in particular, can increase the absorption of THC, intensifying symptoms and making the experience more unpleasant.
Greening Out vs. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS)
It is important to differentiate an acute greening-out episode from Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS), a rare condition that affects long-term, heavy cannabis users.
| Feature | Greening Out (THC Overdose) | Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) |
|---|---|---|
| Cause | An acute overdose of THC. | Occurs in chronic, heavy cannabis users (often daily for several years). |
| Onset | Occurs shortly after consuming too much cannabis, especially high-potency products or edibles. | Develops over time in long-term users and involves recurrent, cyclical episodes of severe vomiting. |
| Symptom Duration | Symptoms are temporary, typically resolving within a few hours to a day as the body processes the THC. | Episodes can last for days or weeks, with symptom-free periods in between. The only cure is to stop cannabis use completely. |
| Symptom Relief | A quiet environment, deep breathing, and hydration help manage symptoms. | Hot showers or baths provide temporary relief during hyperemetic episodes. |
| Risk | Not fatal on its own, but can lead to accidents due to impairment. | Can cause severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, potentially leading to serious complications if untreated. |
What to Do When Greening Out
If you find yourself greening out, remember that the symptoms are temporary and will pass. The key is to remain calm and manage the discomfort.
If you are greening out, follow these steps:
- Stop consuming cannabis. Do not ingest any more THC. This is the most important step.
- Find a calm, safe place. Move to a quiet, dimly lit area away from people and loud noises. A comfortable couch or bed is ideal.
- Breathe deeply. Focus on slow, deep breathing to calm your heart rate and ease anxiety.
- Hydrate slowly. Sip water to combat dry mouth and aid rehydration. Avoid chugging, as this can worsen nausea.
- Have a snack. Eating a light, sugary snack can help stabilize blood sugar and may provide some relief from dizziness.
- Distract yourself. Engage in a low-stimulation activity like listening to calming music or watching a familiar show to take your mind off the physical and mental discomfort.
- Try natural remedies. Some people find relief by smelling black pepper or lemon rind, which contain terpenes that can counteract some THC effects.
How to Help Someone Else Greening Out
If you are with someone who is greening out, stay with them and provide reassurance. Help them find a quiet place to lie down on their side to prevent choking if they vomit. Offer water and a snack, and encourage deep breathing. Stay calm and remind them that the feeling is temporary. If their symptoms are severe, such as extreme confusion, uncontrollable vomiting, or loss of consciousness, seek medical help immediately by calling emergency services.
Conclusion
Understanding what are the symptoms of greening out is essential for responsible cannabis use. By recognizing the signs of THC overconsumption, you can take steps to manage the effects and ensure a safer experience. Starting with a low dose, especially with edibles, and understanding your personal tolerance are the most effective preventive measures. While greening out can be a very uncomfortable ordeal, staying calm, hydrated, and in a safe environment will help you ride out the temporary effects until they subside. Remember that if symptoms are severe or concerning, seeking medical assistance is always the safest option.
For more information on cannabis and its effects, consider consulting resources from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).
Potential Complications of Overconsumption
Excessive cannabis use can lead to further complications, though greening out itself is not typically fatal. High levels of THC can stress the cardiovascular system, leading to an increased risk of issues like a rapid heart rate or irregular heart rhythm. Impaired judgment and coordination during a green-out can increase the risk of accidents or injuries. Mixing cannabis with alcohol or other substances further escalates these risks and can lead to unpredictable and dangerous interactions. It's crucial to be mindful of these potential dangers and to avoid driving or operating heavy machinery while under the influence. Lastly, frequent and heavy cannabis use can, in rare cases, lead to the development of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS), a condition marked by severe, cyclical vomiting. The only long-term solution for CHS is sustained cannabis abstinence.
