The Origins and Composition of Balsam of Peru
Balsam of Peru is an oleoresin, a mixture of resin and essential oils, derived from the Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae tree. Though named for its historical trade route, the tree is actually native to Central America, primarily El Salvador. The resin is a dark brown, viscous liquid extracted by wounding the tree's bark and collecting the exudate.
The resin has a warm, sweet, and balsamic aroma with notes of vanilla and cinnamon, which is attributed to its complex chemical composition. Its main components include:
- Cinnamein: A volatile oil comprising 50% to 65% of the balsam, rich in benzyl cinnamate and benzyl benzoate.
- Esters of Cinnamic and Benzoic Acid: These contribute to its characteristic fragrance and medicinal properties.
- Vanillin: A natural compound found in vanilla.
- Resins: An estimated 25% to 40% of the balsam consists of complex, largely unidentified resins.
Historical and Modern Medicinal Applications
For centuries, balsam of Peru has been valued for its topical healing properties, particularly in treating various skin conditions and promoting wound recovery.
Traditional and Historical Uses
Indigenous Central and South American peoples traditionally used the balsam for stopping bleeding, treating wounds, and as a diuretic. Its use was later adopted and documented in European pharmacopeia. Historical applications included treating scabies, hemorrhoids, and poorly healing wounds.
Modern Medical Formulations
Today, balsam of Peru is primarily used in topical, over-the-counter (OTC) medications. These formulations often combine the balsam with other ingredients to enhance its therapeutic effects.
- Wound and Ulcer Treatment: Ointments containing balsam of Peru, castor oil, and trypsin are used to promote healing and clean bedsores, skin ulcers, and wounds. The balsam increases blood flow to the wound area, while castor oil and trypsin aid in removing dead tissue and providing a protective barrier.
- Hemorrhoid Suppositories: Its antiseptic properties are utilized in some suppositories for treating hemorrhoids.
- Dentistry: It has historically been used in dental products for conditions like 'dry socket' following a tooth extraction.
- Antiseptic and Antibacterial: The balsam is known to have mild antiseptic and antibacterial properties, which aid in preventing infection in minor cuts and scrapes.
Culinary and Commercial Uses
Beyond its medicinal history, balsam of Peru is a versatile ingredient used in the food and fragrance industries, where its sweet, vanilla-like aroma is highly prized.
The Food Industry
Although not as common today, balsam of Peru and its related chemical components have been used as a food flavoring. This can be a concern for individuals with sensitivities.
- Baked goods and pastries
- Chewing gum and candy
- Flavored soft drinks (cola, root beer)
- Alcoholic beverages (wines, liqueurs)
The Fragrance Industry
Balsam of Peru is a valued ingredient in perfumery, where it is used as a fixative to slow the evaporation of volatile compounds, extending the fragrance life. Its absolute, resinoid, and oil forms are used in a variety of products.
- Perfumes and colognes
- Soaps and body washes
- Aftershave lotions
- Cosmetics and creams
Allergic Reactions and Sensitivities
Despite its natural origins, balsam of Peru is a potent allergen and is recognized as one of the most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis. Patch testing is often used by dermatologists to confirm a sensitivity.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
For sensitive individuals, direct contact with products containing balsam of Peru can cause a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, leading to symptoms such as:
- Redness and inflammation
- Intense itching (pruritus)
- Swelling and blisters
- Eczema-like rashes
Systemic Contact Dermatitis
Some individuals with an external allergy may also experience reactions after ingesting foods containing balsam of Peru-related compounds. This can trigger a systemic allergic response, which may present as a widespread rash. Many of the allergen's components are naturally found in other products and spices, including cinnamon, vanilla, citrus peel, and cloves.
Comparison of Balsam Resins
Balsam of Peru is often confused with Balsam of Tolu, another resin from the same genus, Myroxylon. While chemically and aromatically similar, they have distinct origins and characteristics.
| Feature | Balsam of Peru | Balsam of Tolu |
|---|---|---|
| Scientific Name | Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae | Myroxylon balsamum var. balsamum |
| Primary Origin | El Salvador | Colombia, Venezuela |
| Extraction Method | Involves removing bark and wrapping the trunk in rags | A natural exudate from the tree's stems |
| Aroma | Sweet, vanilla and cinnamon-like | Sweet, floral, and benzoin-like |
| Primary Use | Topical medicine, fragrance, flavoring | Expectorants, flavorings, fragrance |
Conclusion
Balsam of Peru is a multifaceted resin with a rich history of use in both medicine and commercial products. Historically, it was revered for its antiseptic and wound-healing properties, leading to its incorporation into topical ointments for burns, ulcers, and other skin ailments. Its sweet, balsamic fragrance has also made it a long-standing ingredient in the perfume, cosmetic, and food industries. However, its widespread use and complex composition have also made it a significant contact allergen, necessitating careful ingredient checking by sensitive individuals. Understanding what is balsam of Peru used for highlights its dual nature as both a beneficial natural compound and a potential irritant for many. For more information on its composition and medicinal properties, you can consult studies on reputable medical databases.
