Understanding Dextroamphetamine: The Active Ingredient
Dexedrine is a well-known central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, but its most important name is its generic one: dextroamphetamine [1.2.1]. As a powerful amphetamine, it is primarily prescribed for the treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy [1.3.2, 1.3.3]. The medication functions by altering the levels of certain natural chemicals in the brain, specifically norepinephrine and dopamine [1.3.5]. By increasing the presence of these neurotransmitters, dextroamphetamine helps to improve focus, increase attention, and control impulsive behaviors in individuals with ADHD, and promotes wakefulness in those with narcolepsy [1.3.2, 1.3.3]. It is a Schedule II controlled substance, indicating it has a high potential for misuse and dependence, and should only be used under strict medical supervision [1.6.1, 1.7.3].
What Are the Different Brand Names for Dexedrine?
While "Dexedrine" is a recognized brand name, the active ingredient, dextroamphetamine, is available under several other labels. Understanding these different names is crucial for patients and caregivers to avoid confusion.
- Zenzedi: This is a brand name for immediate-release dextroamphetamine sulfate tablets [1.2.1].
- ProCentra: This is a liquid oral solution form of dextroamphetamine, which can be an alternative for patients who have difficulty swallowing pills [1.2.1, 1.10.4].
- Xelstrym: A newer formulation, Xelstrym is a transdermal patch that delivers dextroamphetamine through the skin [1.2.1, 1.10.2].
- Dexedrine Spansule: This refers to the extended-release capsule form, designed to release the medication gradually over a longer period [1.2.1, 1.10.5].
Although Dexedrine itself is an older medication and sometimes prescribed less frequently than newer stimulants, its generic form and other branded versions remain important treatment options [1.9.3, 1.9.5].
How Dextroamphetamine Works (Mechanism of Action)
Dextroamphetamine's pharmacological action centers on the brain's monoamine neurotransmitter systems [1.4.2]. It primarily works by promoting the release of dopamine and norepinephrine from presynaptic nerve terminals and also blocks their reuptake [1.4.1, 1.4.2]. This dual action leads to a significant increase in the extracellular concentrations of these key neurotransmitters, particularly in brain regions associated with attention, motivation, and executive function, like the prefrontal cortex [1.4.2]. The resulting enhanced neuronal signaling helps to alleviate the core symptoms of ADHD, such as inattention and hyperactivity [1.3.2]. It also stimulates the brain regions responsible for wakefulness, which is why it is effective in treating the excessive daytime sleepiness characteristic of narcolepsy [1.3.3].
Dexedrine vs. Adderall: A Comparison
Many people wonder about the difference between Dexedrine and another common ADHD medication, Adderall. While related, they are not the same. Dexedrine contains only one active ingredient: dextroamphetamine [1.5.1]. In contrast, Adderall is a combination drug containing both dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine salts, typically in a 3:1 ratio [1.5.1].
Dextroamphetamine is considered the more potent of the two amphetamine isomers in terms of its central stimulant effects [1.5.2]. Levoamphetamine has more pronounced peripheral effects, which can sometimes lead to more noticeable side effects like increased heart rate and blood pressure [1.5.2]. Because Adderall contains both, it provides a broader spectrum of effects. Some individuals may respond better to the single-ingredient formulation of Dexedrine, while others may find the balanced effect of Adderall more suitable [1.5.2].
| Feature | Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine) | Adderall (dextroamphetamine/amphetamine) |
|---|---|---|
| Active Ingredient(s) | Dextroamphetamine only [1.5.1] | A 3:1 mixture of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine salts [1.5.1] |
| Potency | Considered more potent due to pure dextroamphetamine composition [1.5.2] | Effects are balanced by the inclusion of the milder l-amphetamine [1.5.2] |
| Available Forms | Immediate-release tablets, extended-release capsules, oral solution, transdermal patch [1.2.1, 1.10.4] | Immediate-release tablets, extended-release capsules [1.5.5] |
| Primary Use | ADHD and narcolepsy [1.3.2] | ADHD and narcolepsy [1.5.3] |
| Common Side Effects | Loss of appetite, trouble sleeping, headache, dry mouth, dizziness [1.6.3] | Similar to Dexedrine, including nervousness, stomach upset, weight loss [1.5.3, 1.5.4] |
Potential Side Effects and Important Warnings
Like all CNS stimulants, dextroamphetamine carries a risk of side effects. Common side effects include decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, headache, dry mouth, stomach upset, and weight loss [1.6.2, 1.6.3].
More seriously, dextroamphetamine comes with an FDA Black Box Warning, the most serious type of warning, regarding its high potential for abuse and misuse, which can lead to addiction, overdose, and death [1.7.3, 1.7.4]. It also warns that misuse may cause sudden death and serious cardiovascular adverse events, such as heart attack and stroke, particularly in individuals with pre-existing heart conditions [1.7.1, 1.7.3]. Patients should be screened for cardiac issues and a history of substance abuse before starting treatment [1.6.1, 1.7.2]. Other serious risks include the potential for new or worsened psychiatric problems (like psychosis or mania), slowed growth in children, seizures, and circulation problems such as Raynaud's phenomenon [1.6.3, 1.7.3].
It is essential to take this medication exactly as prescribed and to discuss all health conditions and other medications with a doctor to minimize risks. For a comprehensive list of warnings and interactions, refer to official sources like the FDA's medication guide.
Authoritative Link: MedlinePlus on Dextroamphetamine
Conclusion
So, what is Dexedrine called? It is most accurately known by its generic name, dextroamphetamine, a potent stimulant for ADHD and narcolepsy. It is also marketed under various brand names, including Zenzedi, ProCentra, and Xelstrym, and is the sole active ingredient in Dexedrine Spansules [1.2.1]. While effective for many, its use requires careful medical supervision due to significant risks, including a high potential for abuse and serious cardiovascular and psychiatric side effects [1.7.3]. Understanding its different names, how it works, and how it compares to other stimulants like Adderall allows patients to have more informed discussions with their healthcare providers about their treatment options.
