Introduction to Myrrh and Its Uses
Myrrh is a resin, or sap-like substance, that comes from the Commiphora myrrha tree, which is native to parts of Africa and the Middle East [1.2.1]. It has a long history of use in traditional medicine and religious ceremonies, valued for its aromatic properties and purported health benefits [1.2.1]. In ancient Egypt, it was even used for embalming [1.2.1]. Modern uses often include it as a fragrance in cosmetics, a flavoring in foods and drinks, and as an ingredient in some dental products like mouthwashes [1.4.4].
While research into its medicinal properties is ongoing, some studies suggest myrrh may have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and pain-relieving effects [1.2.1]. However, most of this research is based on animal or lab studies, with limited evidence from human trials [1.2.1]. Despite its potential benefits and GRAS status as a food additive, oral consumption as a supplement carries significant risks for certain populations [1.2.1, 1.3.5].
Potential Side Effects of Myrrh
Even for individuals not in a high-risk group, myrrh can cause side effects. When applied to the skin, it may cause a rash, redness, or itching, especially in those with sensitive skin [1.2.4, 1.3.4]. When taken orally, it can lead to diarrhea and stomach upset [1.3.2, 1.2.7]. Taking large doses, typically defined as more than 2 to 4 grams, is considered unsafe and can cause more severe issues like kidney irritation and changes in heart rate [1.3.5, 1.7.5].
High-Risk Groups: Who Should Not Take Myrrh?
Due to its potent effects, several groups should avoid using myrrh, particularly in oral supplement form. It's crucial to consult a healthcare provider before using any herbal supplement, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions or are taking other medications [1.2.3].
Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women
Oral use of myrrh during pregnancy is considered unsafe [1.5.1, 1.5.2]. It acts as a uterine stimulant, which can lead to uterine bleeding, preterm labor, or miscarriage [1.2.1, 1.5.1]. Because of these risks, it is sometimes referred to as an abortifacient (a substance that induces abortion) [1.5.5]. There is not enough reliable information to determine the safety of using myrrh topically during pregnancy or its safety during breastfeeding [1.5.1, 1.5.2]. Therefore, it should be avoided by both pregnant and breastfeeding individuals to ensure safety [1.5.6].
Individuals with Diabetes
Myrrh may lower blood sugar levels [1.6.3]. While this might sound beneficial, it poses a significant risk for individuals already taking diabetes medications like insulin, glimepiride, or metformin [1.4.3]. Combining myrrh with these medications can cause blood sugar to drop too low, a condition known as hypoglycemia [1.4.3]. Anyone with diabetes should monitor their blood sugar carefully and consult their doctor before using myrrh, as their medication dosage may need to be adjusted [1.3.5].
People with Heart Conditions
Taking large amounts of myrrh can affect the heart rate, potentially causing irregularities or arrhythmias [1.7.3, 1.7.4]. Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions should be especially cautious and seek advice from their healthcare provider before using myrrh [1.7.4]. The risk of changes to normal heart rate makes self-medication with myrrh particularly dangerous for this group [1.7.1].
Patients Undergoing Surgery
Due to its potential effects on blood sugar levels, there is a concern that myrrh could interfere with blood glucose control during and after surgery [1.8.1, 1.8.2]. It is recommended to stop using myrrh at least two weeks before a scheduled surgery to avoid complications [1.8.2].
Individuals on Specific Medications
Myrrh can interact with several types of medications, altering their effectiveness and potentially causing harm.
- Anticoagulants (Blood Thinners): Myrrh may decrease the effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs like warfarin (Coumadin) [1.4.3]. This interaction could increase the risk of blood clotting [1.4.1].
- Diabetes Medications: As mentioned, myrrh can amplify the effects of antidiabetes drugs, leading to dangerously low blood sugar [1.4.3].
- Cyclosporine: A study in rats found that myrrh significantly decreased the bioavailability of cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant often used after organ transplants [1.2.1, 1.4.6].
Risk Profile Comparison Table
| Population Group | Risk Level | Primary Concern(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Pregnant Women | High | Uterine stimulation, miscarriage, preterm labor [1.5.1, 1.5.4]. |
| Breastfeeding Women | High | Unknown effects on the infant; insufficient safety data [1.5.3, 1.5.1]. |
| People with Diabetes | High | Risk of hypoglycemia when combined with diabetes medication [1.6.3]. |
| People with Heart Conditions | High | Can cause irregular heart rate in large doses [1.7.4]. |
| People Taking Blood Thinners (e.g., Warfarin) | High | Decreased medication effectiveness, increased risk of clotting [1.4.3]. |
| Individuals Undergoing Surgery | Moderate to High | Interference with blood sugar control during and after the procedure [1.8.2]. |
| People with Sensitive Skin | Low (Topical Use) | Contact dermatitis, skin rash, or irritation [1.2.1, 1.2.4]. |
Conclusion
While myrrh has a long history of traditional use and is generally safe when used as a food flavoring, taking it as an oral supplement requires significant caution. Its potent biological effects mean that for several groups—including pregnant women, individuals with diabetes or heart conditions, and those on certain medications—the risks outweigh the potential benefits. The lack of extensive human studies means a full safety profile is not yet established [1.2.1]. Always consult with a healthcare professional before adding myrrh or any herbal supplement to your regimen to ensure it is safe for your specific health situation.
For more information on herbal medicine safety, you can visit the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH): https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/herbsataglance
