What is DHEA and Why Consider Supplementation?
DHEA is the body's most abundant circulating adrenal hormone, produced primarily by the adrenal glands. As a precursor, it is converted into more active sex hormones, including estrogen and testosterone. Peak production occurs around the mid-20s, after which levels steadily decline throughout adulthood. This age-related decrease has led to interest in DHEA supplementation to combat potential effects associated with lower hormone levels, such as decreased bone density, mood changes, and reduced energy. While DHEA is widely available as a dietary supplement, it is not regulated by the FDA, and its efficacy and safety are subjects of ongoing research and debate.
Potential Benefits of DHEA
Research on DHEA is still developing, and findings are often mixed or require further investigation. Some studies have looked at the potential effects of daily DHEA supplementation, though outcomes can vary depending on the individual's sex, age, and health status. Below are some of the areas where benefits have been explored:
Mood and Mental Well-being
DHEA is considered a neurosteroid and can modulate certain brain neurotransmitters, which may explain its potential effect on mood. Some research suggests that DHEA might be more effective than a placebo for treating mild to moderate depression, particularly in those with low DHEA levels. For instance, a small study of patients with schizophrenia showed improved mood and anxiety after supplementing with DHEA daily. However, other studies on healthy older adults have found no significant difference in mood or well-being between DHEA and placebo groups.
Energy and Fatigue
Many people who supplement with DHEA report a boost in energy and vitality, especially when experiencing age-related fatigue. For individuals with adrenal insufficiency, for whom DHEA is sometimes recommended by doctors, supplementation can specifically help with persistent fatigue. This potential benefit is often linked to DHEA's role in hormone balance and adrenal function.
Sexual Function and Libido
As a precursor to sex hormones, DHEA has been investigated for its effect on libido and sexual function. Some studies, particularly those focusing on women, have shown improvements in sexual desire and satisfaction following supplementation. A vaginal insert form of DHEA is even FDA-approved for treating moderate to severe pain during sex in postmenopausal women. For men, the evidence is less conclusive, with some studies showing minor improvements while others show no significant effect on testosterone levels or libido.
Bone Density
Low DHEA levels are often associated with lower bone mineral density, a risk factor for osteoporosis. A 2019 meta-analysis found that DHEA supplements helped increase bone mineral density in the hip and thigh bones of older women. Other studies have yielded mixed results, with some showing benefits for bone density in older women over one to two years, but not men. Shorter studies, however, often show no effect. More research is needed to determine the long-term effectiveness.
Risks and Side Effects of DHEA
While some potential benefits exist, taking DHEA carries significant risks and is not recommended for everyone. Because it is a hormone, DHEA can cause a range of side effects:
- Acne and Oily Skin: Increases in androgen levels can lead to dermatological issues.
- Hair Loss or Unwanted Hair Growth: Hormonal shifts can cause hair loss in men and unwanted facial hair growth (hirsutism) in women.
- Mood Changes: Individuals with mood disorders may experience increased irritability, mood swings, or aggression.
- Hormone-Sensitive Cancers: DHEA can increase estrogen levels, potentially worsening conditions like breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers.
- Cardiovascular Health: Some research suggests DHEA might lower "good" (HDL) cholesterol levels, which could pose a risk for those with high cholesterol or heart disease.
- Liver Problems: Doses of DHEA may cause liver injury.
- Medication Interactions: DHEA can interfere with various medications, including blood thinners, antidepressants, and hormone therapies.
Comparison of DHEA Effects and Evidence
| Aspect | Claims | Research Support | Important Consideration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mood | Improves mood, reduces depression. | Some evidence, especially for those with low initial DHEA or specific conditions like schizophrenia. | Mixed findings; may worsen mood disorders. |
| Energy | Boosts vitality, reduces fatigue. | Primarily anecdotal, but seen in those with adrenal insufficiency. | Long-term use carries risks. |
| Bone Density | Increases bone mineral density. | Some evidence, especially in older women after 1-2 years. | Not conclusive for all populations; mixed study results. |
| Libido | Enhances sexual function and desire. | Mixed results, some positive findings in women. | Effects inconsistent; less evidence for men. |
| Athletic Performance | Increases muscle mass and strength. | No strong evidence for improved physical performance. | Banned by sports organizations due to steroid-like effects. |
Conclusion
The question of what are the benefits of taking DHEA is complex, with varying evidence across different health areas and populations. While some studies suggest potential positive effects on mood, energy, and bone density (especially in certain women), the benefits are not universally proven, and research findings are often inconsistent. DHEA carries notable risks, including potential interactions with other medications and serious side effects. For this reason, DHEA is not a recommended supplement for healthy individuals and should only be considered under the strict supervision of a healthcare provider after hormone levels have been tested and all risks and benefits are carefully weighed. Always prioritize professional medical advice over anecdotal claims when considering DHEA supplementation.
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Consult with a qualified healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplement, including DHEA.
