Dexedrine is a prescription medication with a straightforward composition. Its primary and only active ingredient is a salt of the amphetamine molecule, while the rest of the pill consists of non-medicinal substances, or excipients, that play an important role in its function and appearance. Understanding the complete composition of Dexedrine is crucial for patients, as it highlights how the drug produces its therapeutic effects and how it differs from other stimulant medications.
The Active Ingredient: Dextroamphetamine Sulfate
The central component of Dexedrine, responsible for its therapeutic action, is dextroamphetamine sulfate. This chemical is the dextrorotatory, or 'right-handed,' isomer of amphetamine, a classification that refers to the molecule's unique three-dimensional structure. The dextro-isomer is known to be a more potent central nervous system stimulant compared to its levo-isomer counterpart, which is present in other medications like Adderall.
How Dextroamphetamine Affects the Brain
As a CNS stimulant, dextroamphetamine works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters—dopamine and norepinephrine—in the brain. This is achieved by:
- Promoting Release: Dextroamphetamine facilitates the release of these neurotransmitters from nerve terminals.
- Inhibiting Reuptake: It inhibits the reuptake of these neurotransmitters, allowing them to remain in the synaptic space for longer.
For patients with ADHD, this increase in neurotransmitter activity helps improve focus, attention span, and impulse control, while for those with narcolepsy, it promotes wakefulness and alertness.
The Role of Inactive Ingredients (Excipients)
Inactive ingredients are non-medicinal components added to a drug formulation to serve a variety of purposes, such as:
- Binding the ingredients together
- Providing a specific color or taste
- Controlling the rate of drug release
- Improving stability and shelf life
The exact list of inactive ingredients varies depending on the specific formulation of Dexedrine (e.g., tablets versus extended-release capsules) and the manufacturer.
Common inactive ingredients found in Dexedrine products include:
- Cetyl alcohol: An emulsifier and thickening agent used in some capsule formulations.
- Dyes: Various FD&C colorants (e.g., Yellow #10, Red #40, Blue #1) are used to give tablets or capsule shells their distinct appearance.
- Gelatin: Used to form the capsule shell for extended-release (Spansule) capsules.
- Magnesium stearate: A lubricant that helps prevent the tablet ingredients from sticking to the manufacturing equipment.
- Microcrystalline cellulose: A filler and binder.
- Povidone: A binder that helps hold the tablet or pellet components together.
- Sugar spheres: Used in extended-release capsules as a core upon which the drug and coating are applied.
- Talc: A lubricant and anti-caking agent.
Dexedrine vs. Adderall: A Comparative Look at Composition
A common point of comparison is how Dexedrine's composition stacks up against Adderall, another widely prescribed stimulant for ADHD. The key difference lies in their active ingredients.
| Feature | Dexedrine (Dextroamphetamine) | Adderall (Mixed Amphetamine Salts) |
|---|---|---|
| Active Ingredient(s) | Dextroamphetamine Sulfate only. | Mixed salts of dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine. |
| Isomeric Composition | Single, pure dextro-isomer, known for potent CNS effects. | Combines a more potent d-isomer with a milder, longer-lasting l-isomer for a balanced effect. |
| Drug Release Forms | Immediate-release tablets and sustained-release capsules (Spansules). | Immediate-release tablets and extended-release capsules (XR). |
| User Experience | Some users may find the effect more concentrated and intense due to the pure dextro-isomer. | The mix of isomers may feel more balanced and sustained for some individuals. |
Forms and Formulations of Dexedrine
Dexedrine is available in several formulations to suit different patient needs:
- Immediate-Release Tablets: These provide a quick effect, typically lasting for about 4 to 6 hours, and may be taken two or three times a day.
- Extended-Release Capsules (Spansules): Designed to provide a double-pulsed delivery, releasing an initial dose promptly and the remaining medication gradually throughout the day for a prolonged effect of 8 to 12 hours. This provides all-day symptom control with a single morning dose.
- Oral Solution: A liquid form is also available, particularly for children or individuals who have difficulty swallowing pills.
Regulatory Status and Important Warnings
Because of its high potential for abuse and misuse, Dexedrine, like other amphetamine-based stimulants, is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). This requires strict guidelines for its prescription and dispensation to minimize risks of addiction and diversion.
Important warnings associated with Dexedrine use include:
- Cardiovascular Risks: Increased blood pressure and heart rate are common. Serious cardiovascular events, although rare, have occurred, especially in individuals with pre-existing heart conditions.
- Psychiatric Effects: Potential for new or worsened psychiatric symptoms, including mood changes, aggression, hostility, and psychotic or manic episodes.
- Growth Suppression: Slower growth in children has been reported with long-term use.
- Circulation Issues: Peripheral vasculopathy, also known as Raynaud's phenomenon, can cause reduced blood flow and color changes in fingers and toes.
For more detailed prescribing information and warnings, patients can refer to the medication guide from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Conclusion
In summary, the composition of Dexedrine is centered on its sole active ingredient, dextroamphetamine sulfate, a potent CNS stimulant. This substance works by increasing key neurotransmitter levels in the brain to treat conditions like ADHD and narcolepsy. Dexedrine is not the same as Adderall, which contains a mix of both dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine salts. The inactive ingredients, which vary based on the specific formulation, help facilitate the drug's delivery and stability. As a Schedule II controlled substance with a high potential for abuse, Dexedrine should only be used under strict medical supervision. Understanding what is Dexedrine made of provides clarity on its mechanism of action and distinguishes its composition from similar stimulant medications.
