What is Meloxicam? The Active Ingredient in Metacam
Metacam is the well-known brand name for the generic drug meloxicam, an NSAID belonging to the oxicam class. Like other NSAIDs, meloxicam works by interfering with certain chemical pathways in the body to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. It is important to remember that meloxicam is a powerful medication and requires a prescription from a licensed veterinarian, who will determine if it is the right treatment for your pet's specific condition and the appropriate amount to administer.
How Does Metacam Work?
The primary way Metacam functions is by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, particularly COX-2, which are responsible for producing prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances that play a major role in the body's inflammatory response, causing pain, swelling, and fever.
- Targeted Inhibition: Metacam preferentially inhibits COX-2, the enzyme primarily involved in inflammation.
- Reduced Side Effects: This targeted approach is believed to cause fewer gastrointestinal side effects compared to non-selective NSAIDs that block both COX-1 and COX-2.
- Less Pain and Swelling: By blocking COX-2, Metacam reduces the synthesis of the inflammatory prostaglandins, leading to a decrease in pain and swelling.
Approved Uses for Metacam
Metacam is most commonly prescribed to help control pain and inflammation associated with a variety of musculoskeletal conditions and post-operative care in pets.
In Dogs
For dogs, Metacam is FDA-approved for the following:
- Osteoarthritis: It is indicated for the long-term management of chronic pain and inflammation related to degenerative joint disease, also known as osteoarthritis.
- Post-Operative Pain: It is used for short-term control of pain and inflammation after surgery.
In Cats
For cats, the use of Metacam is significantly more restricted due to safety concerns. The FDA has approved the injectable form for a single, one-time dose to control post-surgical pain and inflammation. Repeated doses of meloxicam, especially the oral suspension, have been associated with acute renal failure and death in cats. As a result, oral Metacam is not approved for cats and is only used with extreme caution under strict veterinary guidance.
Side Effects and Risks of Metacam
While generally safe when used correctly, Metacam and other NSAIDs carry potential risks. Pet owners should be vigilant for any adverse reactions and communicate them immediately to their veterinarian.
Common Side Effects
- Gastrointestinal upset (vomiting, soft stools, diarrhea)
- Decreased appetite
- Changes in behavior or lethargy
Serious Side Effects (Indicating Potential Toxicity)
- Bloody, dark, or tarry stools
- Blood in vomit
- Increased thirst or urination
- Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)
- Swelling or rapid weight gain due to fluid retention
- Seizures or lack of coordination
If any of these serious side effects occur, discontinue the medication and seek emergency veterinary care immediately.
Metacam vs. Other Veterinary NSAIDs
Veterinarians may choose from several different NSAIDs based on the pet's specific condition, species, and individual health factors. Here is a comparison of Metacam (meloxicam) and Rimadyl (carprofen), another common NSAID.
| Feature | Metacam (Meloxicam) | Rimadyl (Carprofen) |
|---|---|---|
| Mechanism | Preferential COX-2 inhibitor | Primarily COX-2 inhibitor with some COX-1 activity |
| Active Ingredient | Meloxicam | Carprofen |
| Administration Frequency | Typically once-daily for dogs | Often administered twice-daily for dogs |
| Administration Forms | Oral suspension (honey-flavored liquid) and injectable for dogs | Chewable tablets, caplets, and injectable for dogs |
| Approved Species | Dogs (oral and injectable); Cats (single injectable dose only) | Dogs (oral and injectable) |
| Potential Risks | Gastrointestinal, kidney, and liver issues. Serious risks in cats with repeated use | Similar risks to other NSAIDs, including GI, liver, and kidney issues |
Administration Guidelines
Accurate administration is critical to ensure both the safety and effectiveness of Metacam. Pet owners should always follow the specific instructions provided by their veterinarian.
- Measuring the Dose: The oral suspension comes with a weight-calibrated syringe to help ensure accurate measurement.
- Giving the Medication: It can be mixed with food or given directly into the mouth. It is generally recommended to give Metacam with or after a meal to help minimize the risk of stomach upset.
Important Warnings and Contraindications
Due to the potency and potential risks of NSAIDs, Metacam should not be used in certain situations:
- Species Restrictions: Do not give oral Metacam to cats. Acute renal failure and death can occur.
- Concurrent Medications: Avoid using Metacam with other NSAIDs (including aspirin), corticosteroids, or other medications without a vet's approval.
- Pre-Existing Conditions: Do not use in dogs with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding or ulceration, significant kidney or liver dysfunction, or hemorrhagic disorders.
- Young and Breeding Animals: The safety has not been evaluated in dogs under 6 months of age, breeding dogs, or pregnant and lactating dogs.
Conclusion
Metacam is a powerful and effective prescription NSAID for managing pain and inflammation, particularly for conditions like osteoarthritis in dogs. It works by targeting the COX-2 enzyme to reduce the production of inflammatory prostaglandins. However, its use requires careful consideration due to potential side effects, with particular warnings regarding its use in cats. It is essential for pet owners to adhere strictly to veterinary instructions for use and to monitor their pets for any signs of adverse reactions. As with any potent medication, a thorough consultation with a veterinarian is the first and most important step to ensure a pet’s safe and effective treatment.
For more information on the safety precautions and prescribing information, you can reference the official Metacam product information from the manufacturer, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health: METACAM® (meloxicam oral suspension) for Osteoarthritis.
