The critical distinction: Essential oil versus resin
Many health discussions surrounding frankincense fail to make a crucial distinction between the essential oil and the resin from which it is derived. Frankincense oil, obtained through steam distillation, is a highly concentrated and volatile substance. Its composition is different from the gum resin, and manufacturers do not regulate it for internal consumption. Health experts and professional aromatherapists widely advise against ingesting essential oils due to their potency and potential toxicity.
In contrast, the resin of the Boswellia tree has a long history of use in traditional medicine, where it was chewed or prepared in extracts. When taken orally in a properly formulated supplement, the resin's beneficial compounds, particularly boswellic acids, are responsible for the therapeutic effects supported by modern scientific studies.
Scientific-backed benefits of frankincense extract
Research into frankincense has primarily focused on the oral consumption of Boswellia extract, typically in capsule form, due to its anti-inflammatory properties. These are some of the potential benefits supported by scientific studies.
- Relief for inflammatory conditions: Boswellic acids found in the resin are effective anti-inflammatory agents. They are thought to inhibit the synthesis of leukotrienes, which are inflammatory mediators in the body. This makes Boswellia a potential complementary therapy for conditions aggravated by inflammation.
- Arthritis support: Several clinical trials have investigated Boswellia's effect on joint pain and stiffness associated with osteoarthritis. A 2020 meta-analysis confirmed that oral Boswellia can be a safe and effective treatment for osteoarthritis, relieving pain and improving joint function. Another study noted significant improvement in knee pain and walking ability.
- Improvement for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Research has indicated that oral Boswellia extract can help reduce symptoms of IBD, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. One study on chronic colitis found that 70% of participants taking a Boswellia serrata preparation achieved remission.
- Potential anti-cancer properties: Lab studies have shown that boswellic acids have anti-tumor effects and can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in certain cancer cells, including those for prostate, colon, and breast cancer. These are early results, and frankincense should not be used as a cancer treatment replacement.
Frankincense and digestive wellness
Beyond inflammatory bowel conditions, frankincense resin and extracts have long been used to aid general digestion. Its action may help relax digestive tract muscles and speed up the secretion of digestive enzymes.
- IBS relief: In a 2017 study, a combination of herbal medicines including frankincense was found to reduce symptoms like abdominal pain and bloating in people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
- Relieves cramping and nausea: The potential antispasmodic effects can help alleviate stomach pain and cramping related to digestion or PMS.
Supporting oral and immune health
Frankincense's antiseptic properties extend to oral health, though this typically involves chewing the resin or using an extract in a mouthwash, rather than drinking the essential oil.
- Antibacterial action: Boswellic acids have strong antibacterial effects, particularly against certain oral pathogens that cause gum disease. This may help prevent cavities, bad breath, and oral infections.
- Immunomodulatory effects: The anti-inflammatory actions of Boswellia can help modulate the immune system. The compounds in frankincense can enhance immune functions and help fight against various pathogens, including viruses and bacteria.
How to safely consume frankincense
For those seeking the internal benefits, it is critical to use the proper form of frankincense. Never drink frankincense essential oil directly. The safest and most studied method involves using standardized oral supplements or, in some cases, chewing the natural resin (tears).
- Oral supplements: Look for capsules containing standardized Boswellia serrata extract. This form is used in studies for inflammatory conditions.
- Chewing resin: Traditional use involved chewing small pieces of the raw resin. This is a common practice in some regions but may cause stomach upset if consumed in large quantities.
The dangers of ingesting essential oil
Frankincense essential oil is highly concentrated and should never be ingested. Potential side effects from oral consumption include stomach pain, nausea, and diarrhea. The oil can have blood-thinning effects, which is particularly dangerous for individuals with bleeding disorders or those taking anticoagulant medications like warfarin. For pregnant or breastfeeding women, the emmenagogue properties could be hazardous.
Comparison table: Frankincense essential oil vs. resin/extract
| Feature | Frankincense Essential Oil (Not for Ingestion) | Frankincense Resin/Extract (Supplements) |
|---|---|---|
| Ingestion Safety | Unsafe: Highly concentrated; can cause irritation and toxicity. | Generally Safe: Studied in clinical trials for oral use in capsules. |
| Active Compounds | Primarily volatile terpenes like alpha-pinene. | Primarily non-volatile boswellic acids. |
| Primary Use | Aromatherapy (inhalation), topical application (diluted). | Oral supplements for inflammatory conditions like arthritis and IBD. |
| Scientific Evidence for Oral Use | Lacking. Medical consensus advises against it. | Substantial evidence for anti-inflammatory effects from boswellic acids. |
| Potential Side Effects | Digestive issues, rashes, blood-thinning effects. | Stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea in some individuals. |
Conclusion
While the concept of drinking frankincense oil has gained traction in some wellness communities, it is a dangerous practice based on misinformation. The true health benefits associated with the oral use of frankincense come from standardized extracts of the Boswellia resin, not the concentrated essential oil. These extracts, studied extensively for their anti-inflammatory properties, offer promise in managing conditions like arthritis and IBD. However, anyone considering frankincense supplements should first consult with a healthcare professional, especially if they are pregnant, breastfeeding, or on other medications. It is crucial to use frankincense correctly to ensure safety and maximize therapeutic potential.
Outbound link: Learn more about essential oil safety from a reputable source like the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) at https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/using-essential-oils-safely.
